FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM

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          A Five Kingdom System was proposed by Whittaker in 1969. His principle is based on three modes of nutrition – photosynthesis, absorption and ingestion, types and levels of organization. On the modes of nutrition, the organisms are divided into producers, consumers and decomposers. On the level of organization the organisms are divided into prokaryotic, eukaryotic unicellular and eukaryotic multicellular.
            The five kingdoms recognized are – Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Anamalia.
           1. Monera (The Kingdom of Prokaryotes):- The Kingdom Monera includes those organisms which are simplest of all and are prokaryotic in nature. Probably, they are the earliest organisms to colonize the earth. They are present in all types of environment.
            Mode of nutrition is predominantly absorption. Some are photosynthetic and some of them are chemosynthetic in nature. Some of them can even live in the intestine of animals including man.
            They are solitary unicellular or colonial unicellular. Their cells lack true nucleus. Cells organelles like - nuclear membrane, plastids, mitochondria, golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum are lacking.
            The kingdom includes – Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Cyanobacteria, Spirochaeta, Rickettsia, Mycoplasma (PPLO), etc.

        2. Kingdom Protista (The Kingdom of Unicellular Eukaryotes):- The Kingdom Protista includes those unicellular or colonial unicellular organisms with eukaryotic cells.
            Most of the organisms of this kingdom posses a single celled body and only a few types posses a multicellular body. Their cells possess true nucleus. Cells organelles like - nuclear membrane, plastids, mitochondria, golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum are present.
            Protists are again sub divided into three groups – photosynthetic protists (Euglena, diatoms, etc), consumer-decomposer protists (Slime moulds), protozoan protists (Amoeba, Entamoeba, Paramoecium, etc).

           3. Kingdom Fungi (The Kingdom of Multicellular Decomposers):- This kingdom includes all the multicellular filamentous eukaryotes lacking chlorophyll in their body. Due to the lack of chlorophyll, they are non-green and cannot make their own food, and have to live as saprophytes or parasites or as symbionts with other living organisms.
            This kingdom is divided into different divisions – Phycomycetes (Mucor, Rhizopus, etc), Ascomycetes (Saccharomyces, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Peziza, etc), Basidiomycetes (Agaricus, Lycoperdon, Polyporus, etc), Deuteromycetes (Alternaria, Fusarium, Puccinia, etc).


       4. Kingdom Plantae (The kingdom of Multicellular Photosynthetic Organisms):- This kigdom includes all the multicellular eukaryotes that bear chlorophyll in them. Due to the presence of chlorophyll they are green in colour and can make their own food with the help of sunlight. They are also known as producers.
            This kingdom is again subdivided into different divisions – Algae ( Volvox, Chara, Ectocarpus, etc), Bryophytes (Riccia, Marchantia, Anthoceros, Funaria, etc), Pteridophytes (Psilotum, Lycopodium, Marsilea, Ferns, etc), Gymnosperms (Cycas, Pinus, Ginkgo, Gnetum, etc) and Angiosperms ( Magnolia, Euphorbia, Brassica, etc).


           5. Kingdom Anamalia (The kingdom of Multicellular Consumers):- This kingdom includes all the multicellular organisms with wall-less eukaryotic cells. They lack photosynthetic pigments and hence they cannot produce their own food. They have to depend on other organisms for food and nutrition and hence they are called as consumers. Human beings belong to this kingdom.

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